Organizational Change through Leadership- Electronic Healthcare Assignment

Organizational Change through Leadership- Electronic Healthcare Records Implementation - Assignment Example The implementation of the Electronic Health Record System was the proposed change in the organization. The change was expected to improve the healthcare center problems and contribute to its growth and development (Overhage, Evans and Marchibroda, 2005). b. Methods or processes employed Many methods were employed in identifying the problem. Firstly, the hospital experienced a significant delay in providing patients’ information on time especially with large numbers of patients. The delay in registering patients and issuing of relevant documents contributed to a delay in the provision of medical services the resulted into loss of many lives. Secondly, the hospital offices were extremely small to accommodate large volumes of files containing each patient’s, doctors, and other staff information. The organization management had to come up with a computerized method of record keeping to get rid of manual files. Thirdly, the high competition in the healthcare industry forces healthcare centers to adopt the most recent technology in order to attract more customers. Most people prefer healthcare centers that are fully equipped electronically and technologically because they stand a better chance of dealing with all types of sicknesses. c. Significance of the problem The implementation of Electronic Health Records System (EHRS) will bring about a lot of progress in the health sector. The program will lead to the advancement in the health center by introducing an efficient and reliable record keeping method. Health Information Technology systems make use of the data required in the improvement and protection of population health by the policy makers, physicians, and health service users. Presence of relevant technology on human and health services assists the both affected and infected people in many ways and saves them both time and money (Health & Development Information Team, 2005). EHRS will also contribute a lot in the health sector whereby an individu al can easily take his or her medical records by the bedside. In addition, the implementation of EHRS will also enable physicians diagnose various diseases comfortably since they just ask questions and input data in the computer after which, they easily do the analysis. 2. State the need for and rationale for change   Literature/evidence supporting change According to Institute of Medicine (2000), health information technology has a lot of significance in the healthcare industry through improving delivery of healthcare services. Health Information Technology plays a significant role in implementing changes within the healthcare industry using many processes. In the past, healthcare services in United States were prone to a lot of errors, poor quality services, and lacked consumer confidence (Berner, Detmer and Simborg, 2005). The implementation of EHRS will assist in eliminating the above problems and making the healthcare industry more technologically advanced. Moreover, the need for change among many organizations is driven by the high rate of globalization and information technology advancement (Eason, 1988). On the other hand, the manual process of keeping health records is cumbersome and time consuming. Healthcare centers using manual means of keeping records have a problem marinating their customers and staff (Ingram & Lavery, 2009). The main aim of utilizing technology is making work easier and saving time to do work. Software manufacturers are competent enough to

The Case of Misbehaving Data or the Proverbial Plan B Essay

The Case of Misbehaving Data or the Proverbial Plan B - Essay Example Furthermore, while parametric tests most likely require numerical scores, responses in a nonparametric test are usually categorized. It should then be noted that putting responses under these classifications entail that these data involve measurement on nominal or ordinal scales and thus, cannot produce numerical values that can be used to calculate means and variances. This would mean that data for a number of nonparametric tests are simply frequencies. An example of a nonparametric test is the Mann-Whitney test which is used for testing differences between means when there are two conditions and different subjects have been used in each condition. For example, an experiment may be carried out to investigate the depressant effects of certain recreational drugs (Leech, Barett, & Morgan, 2005). Twenty clubbers are tested with 10 clubbers given an ecstasy tablet to take on a Saturday night while 10 are allowed only to drink alcohol. Then, their levels of depression are measured. In using SPSS to analyze the given data, it should be noted that the data must be inputed using a coding variable. Thus, the data editor will have three columns of data where the first column is the coding variable with two codes (for example, 1 = ecstasy and 2 = alcohol). The second column will contain values of the dependent variable while the third column will contain values of the independent variable. An exploratory analysis in SPSS will reveal that the data is not normally distributed, indicating that a nonparametric test should be used. To run the analysis, the main dialog box should be accessed by using Analyze, followed by Nonparametric Tests, followed by 2 Independent Samples. The dependent and independent variables should then be placed in their corresponding boxes and the coding variable should be placed in the box labeled â€Å"Grouping variable.† the corresponding numeric codes should then be inputed and after clicking OK, SPSS

Risk Assessment Research Health And Social Care Essay

Risk Assessment Research Health And Social Care Essay Risk assessment of the potential of violence to self or others has been accepted as a core element of clinical practice in psychiatric forensic community and private clinical environmental settings (Stedman et al., (2000). Risk assessment increases the ability to understand an individuals potential for violent behaviour, assists the individual to change and for organisations to better allocate limited resources to more effective treatment programs (Snowden et al., 2009). There is a significant correlation between substance abuse, psychiatric disorders, non-compliance with medication and the likelihood of aggressive behaviour amongst those with significant mental illness (Daffern et al., 2002). The link between medication noncompliance, violence and the effect medication noncompliance has on the over use of alcohol and other substances needs to be taken into account in conducting a risk assessment (Swartz et al., 1998). Daffern (2002), highlights the need for clinicians to be aware of the link between aggressive behaviours, the influence other environments and personal interactions outside of the hospital situation have on the patient and the need to take this into account when developing any risk assessment plan. There needs to be considerable care taken in developing a risk management plan to ensure that the plan does not focus on control and moves away from the primary goal of management (Heilbrun, 1997). Case Study Risk Assessment Plan James presents with three main issues that need to be focused on in the risk assessment plan. James has ongoing symptoms that would appear to indicate schizophrenia, but a more detailed assessment will need to be conducted. James has issues related to his aggressive behaviour towards others when he feels overwhelmed by his delusion schizophrenia symptoms. The first indicator of these symptoms was when he was 21 and believed he was being watched by cameras at his place of work. James reports that this delusional belief resulted in James assaulting a co worker and that police were involved and he was subsequent hospitalised. James reports twice assaulting his father when he believed his father was in his head. The James also reports a history of using illicit drugs since his early teens at high school. James reports that his marijuana use has been regular since early teens and he has on occasions misused prescription drug Valium. In adulthood, James reports use of beer and vodka has go ne from weekend binge drinking to regular four to five days a week of heavy use of beer and spirits. James also reports his tobacco use has been regular since early teens and has increased to heavy use of 30 cigarettes a day over the last 12 months. This last 12-month period also is reported by James as a period where he has increased significantly his abuse of alcohol and marijuana. From James presentation during the interview, it would be reasonable to assume that he is minimising he level of substance use. Another issue that influences James symptoms and behaviours is the noncompliance with prescribed medication, which needs to be addressed in the overall risk assessment plan (Swartz et al., 1998). Aggression Antonius et al. (2010), highlights the value of risk assessment as a valuable tool to assist the clinician to predict and prevent future violence and to improve current treatment and management protocols. Howells (1996), postulates that it is not possible to eliminate all risks of violence by forensic mental health patients, but therapeutic programs can be effective in changing violent behaviours. Although James level of violence would appear, from his self-report, to be on the lower level of violence, there appears to be in recent time a sense within James that he is becoming overwhelmed in the last 12months. This is indicated by not only what he says but also his use of substances, alcohol and tobacco usage has increased significantly in the last 12 months.. The potential for committing acts that are more violent can also be assumed to be increasing. Snowden et al. (2009), found that the testing with the Classification of Violence Risk (COVR) showed good validity when attempting to assess the risk of violence amongst patients with a history of violence and mental health issues. However, Snowden (2009), also warns that the COVR test requires information from patient files as well as patient self-report, and test results may be affected by the patient who minimises their history or violence, and the lack of access to the patients file. In this case, James presents as guarded in his answers to many questions and clearly only wanted to be out of the hospital, hence there would be a high probability of James minimising his level of violent behaviour. The mention that the police were still outside would give an indicator that they may have more knowledge of James past level of violence. Doing a clinical interview to assess the level of risk without the patients file, as was occurring in this instance, would appear unwise and places the interview into a clinical interview format with low predictor validity (Steadman et al., 2000). The quality of the information that the person conducting the risk assessment has access to, will determine the effectiveness of the risk assessment process (Heilbrun, 1997). Actuarial risk assessments have been found to be significantly more valid in predicting violence than unstructured clinical interviews (Steadman et al.,2000). Hilton et al., (2001), argues that risk assessment of disordered offenders with a history of violence requires the use of actuarial assessment tools to enable a valid indicator in relation to danger to self or others. Howells (1996), argues the benefits of ensure risk management plans requires the individual to attend some form of anger management program, to assist the individual to learn more functional strategies for dealing with their current frustrations. Buchanan (2008), highlights the need for those conducting a risk assessment to be aware of the casual connection between mental disorder and violence. There needs to be more information obtained other than the basic demographic information of age, race, gender and relationship status, which should include family environment, history of victimisation of client, how a client spends their day all of which have been found to correlate with mental illness and violence (Buchanan, 2008). Substance Abuse and Non-compliance with Medication Swartz et al., (1998), found in their study that a combination of substance abuse history and a history of non-compliance with medication, either recent or long term, was found to have a significant association with violent behaviour. Swartz et al. (1998), also made the observation of a correlation between an individual with limited personal insight combined with poor understanding of their illness and role of medication. This non-compliance with medication may not be deliberate behaviour by the individual as non-compliance and substance abuse may be mutually reinforcing which results in self-medicating with alcohol and substances. James would appear to have been self-medicating for many years with a self-reported significant increase in approximately the last 12 months. James reports the misuse of prescription medication Valium at various times. James would appear to view medication as only effective if it gives an immediate reaction and would need to have medication education as pa rt of formulating an effective risk assessment/risk management plan. Any risk management plan for James would also need to incorporate a community based specialised out patient program focused on treating dually diagnosed mental illness clients (Swartz et al., 1988). Research shows a high level of co morbidity between those suffering from a mental illness such as schizophrenia and substance abuse and violent behaviour (Daffern et al., 2002). Mental Illness Although James has admitted to no serious violent acts, his history of symptoms of schizophrenia with delusions elements would have to taken as a warning of potential risk to self or others. James reports that, in the last 12 months he has been finding it increasing difficult to cope. James presents as not having insight into his mental illness, and not wanting to be compliant in any medical treatment. Taylor (1998), found in her research that of the 309 people with psychosis who had killed, the large majority (75%) were deluded at the time of their offence (p49). Patient presentation must be observed carefully when assessing risk of violence apart from the obvivious features of psychosis that may be present, but also delusions may produce symptoms of anxiety or depression and delusions can indicate the patients inability to make or maintain relationships and history of violence (Taylor, 1998). James states during his interview that his illness had caused a break up of a past relatio nship and as a result had not been in a relationship for 3 years when he had to move back to live with his parents. Rogers (2000), makes mention of the need to take into account when conducting a risk assessment not only the risk factors but the protective factors, which are factors that may reduce maladaptive behaviours on the individual. In the case of James, he appears to have a closer connection to his mother than he does with his father. However, his mother would seem to be very passive and his fathers more dominate. James mother may well have a significant impact on James being more complaint with medication, if her assistance was incorporated into a risk management plan. Her participation in the management plan may well assist James to remain compliant with medication and assist in harm minimisation strategies in relation to alcohol and tobacco use by James. Swartz et al., (1988), also advised to be aware when doing a risk assessment on a patient exhibiting non compliance with medication and substance abuse that the patient may have some underlying personality traits that may need testing f or. James does not present as a threat to himself and reports no past history of self-harming behaviours and denies any current thought of self-harming ideation. However, James current file is not available to the interviewer and it would be unwise to accept James own statement as to his current mental state. James presents as depressed, agitated, reactive and extremely frustrated which would require the potential of self-harm to be incorporated for monitoring in any risk assessment, especially if he is kept in hospital for further psychiatric assessment. Douglas et al., (2009), reports that suicide/self-harm is a risk factor when the patient has a history of schizophrenia, violence and substance abuse. Close observation of James during the interview shows that he would go into a rocking motion on numerous occasions, did not maintain good eye contact with the interviewer and indicated a number of times his level of frustration about the time he had waited and not liking hospitals. The pr obability would be that James would be kept in the psychiatric ward of the hospital for 72 hours to allow for a complete psychiatric assessment to ascertain his level of threat to himself or his father. Often people with the current presentation, clinical history and violence of James have a higher potential to assault others especially family members, which further tends to alienate them from their remaining family support (Douglas et al., 2009). Conclusion Rogers (2000) warns that risk only evaluations are inherently inaccurate (p598), which may have consequences on the client by labelling the client as violent. We must also work towards a standardised definition of risk assessment. The New Zealand Mental Health Commission (1998) defines risk assessment as a risk to the progression of symptoms of the illness, risk of the individual intentionally self-harming, the risk of self-harm that was not done intentionally and the risk of causing harm to others either by intent or as a result of risk taking behaviours. Crowe (2003), raises the issue of the need for a more specific defining of risk in the context of risk assessment and risk management. The debate in between health professionals as to whether clinical or actuarial assessment provides a higher level or risk assessment and hence reduces the risk of harm to others as well as the patient continues to be debated. Doyle et al., (2002), reports that although actuarial assessments is shown as statistically superior to unstructured risk assessment techniques, actuarial assessment focuses on static factors and misses dynamic factors such as treatment non-compliance, family dynamics, poor impulse control and substance abuse. Rogers (2000), reports that parents who are more accepting and hence understanding of the patients mental illness has been found to be a strong protective factor to assist the patient. There appears to be a need for further research to develop a more integrated approach to risk assessment to ensure a more standardised process is implemented. The risk management of violent behaviours is a complex process and requires a multidisciplinary approach that needs to focus on social, psychological and medical aspects of the individual (Howells, 1996). In the case of James, any risk management program must be approached from the broader perspective to achieve beneficial for James in the long term. Hilton et al., (2001), suggests that as demand for more valid risk assessment outcomes increase in relation to forensic mental health patients that actuarial assessment will be incorporated as an important part of the risk assessment process.

Boosting the Economy: 0% Financing on New Cars :: Market Economics 9/11 Essays

Boosting the Economy: 0% Financing on New Cars The economy had been moving in slow motion for the last year and the dreaded "R" word, recession, had been put into circulation by the media and consumer analysts. Then, of course, the events of September 11th occurred and the economic slow down sounded just fine as opposed to the economic standstill that many feared. Staring into the face of recession and contemplating the national tragedy, corporate America was desperate to find a way out. Not that they were alone, but Joe Schmoe, a blue-collar worker, couldn't do much to change nation's economic dilemma. And good old Uncle Sam hand his hands tied with the terrorist problems. Even so, saying that the government was going to take action is just to say that the government would help corporate America take action. Of course the answer was to get and keep America spending; keep money circulating. But how was the question that loomed. As we know, many of the major automobile companies decided that they would offer 0% financing on new cars in order to lure Americans to spend money. At this point we don't know what the final effects will be, whether this action will actually stimulate the economy and keep America from a recession. However, there is much to speculate on concerning the possible effects. And it is interesting to consider exactly who might be reaping the benefits from this action. In addition, this type of economic action seems to have elements that fall into a category of similar capitalistic avenues that many authors read this semester have analyzed in the past. Benefits Now, why should we think that this action will benefit the economy? Again, in the face of recession the goal is always to get people spending and keep money flowing. New automobiles are a high dollar item that can get money circulating in a hurry. New automobiles are also an item that the majority of the population cannot afford without financing. This makes the idea of buying an automobile with no finance charges very appealing. From the big picture perspective, the idea is that enough automobiles would be sold to keep money circulating and to keep consumer confidence high so that we could talk ourselves out of a recession. Basically, the remedy for recession is keeping people believing that the economy will be okay, consumer confidence, and therefore they will not be reluctant to spend and money will circulate.

Internship Report on Gfc

Prepared By: Farhan Ahmad Roll No: 0802090-059 Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences University of Gujrat INTERNSHIP REPORT A six weeks internship report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of the BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION in Accounts from Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences University of Gujrat by FarhanAhmad Under Roll No: 08020920-059 The Internship report of Mr. Farhan Ahmad is approved: ————————————————————- Internship Supervisor Letter of Transmittal The Coordinator, Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences University of Gujrat Subject: Submission of Internship Report Dear Sir, I acknowledge with my cordial thanks the co operation & encouragement you provided and it gives me great pleasure in submitting my report to you. With regard to the opportunities you provided, I tried entirely to figure out something about fan industry and its requisite prospects. During my 6 weeks training session I have gathered & learned a great experience for myself . finally I entirely enjoyed this assembling of term paper with your renowned institution, mortal support & encouragement. I should be glad and ready to co-operation with whatever you may ask for further clarification. Thank you. Yours Sincerely, ——————- Farhan Ahmad Roll No: 08020920-059 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I dedicate this internship report to all the employees of GFC (Pvt. ) Ltd. Whose kind guidance and help, during my stay in metro, made me to learn a lot about different tasks at professional level. At this moment I also want to give a tribute to my teachers by dedicating this report to Faculty of Management & Administrative Sciences, University of Gujrat. TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents Page No. Letter of Transmittal 05 Acknowledgement 06 Executive Summary 07 1. Introduction of Organization08 Brief History08 Company’s Credential 14 Company’s Achievements16 Company’s Certificates 17 Type Of Company 19 Hierarchical Level Of Company_____20 Boards Of Directors_____21 Communication Model 22 2. Company’s Departments__23 2. 1. Purchase Department24 2. 2. Inspection Department26 2. 3. Production Department27 2. 4. Sales and Marketing Department30 2. 5. Research and Development31 2. 6. Internal Audit31 2. 7. Export & Import Department32 2. 8. Accounts Department34 2. 9. Human Resource Management37 2. 10. Field of Activity37 3. Other Learning43 4. Objectives of Studying the Organization 44 5. The Business Principles of GFC 44 6. Suggestions48 7. References51 8. Appendix52 9. Contacts of Internee and Organization 54 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY General Fans Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. Is one of the top most Fan manufacturers in Pakistan which is recognized for best quality and design in Fan Industry. It is a great honor for me that I have completed my six week internship as per degree requirements in HR department of GFC. There are several departments working in GFC which include: †¢Purchases †¢Raw material inspection †¢Production †¢Sales and Marketing †¢Research and Development †¢Accounts Department †¢Human Resources Management †¢Internal Audit †¢Export & Import I was first assigned to the HR department for first four weeks and then rotated to different departments in the last few weeks so that I may understand the workings and collaboration of different departments. It was a very good experience in GFC and I observed every department and its working keenly and gave my suggestions to the top management for the betterment of GFC. INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION 1. 1. Brief History General Fan Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. was formed in 1954 as a small manufacturing unit for electric fans. The company grew rapidly from its modest start because of the quality of its products. The company was one of the major exporters of fans in 1960's to Iraq. However, the company was in trouble in late 1970's due to differences in its partners. The present management took over the company in 1978 and Mechanical Engineer Muhammad Ilyas took over as Chief Executive of the company. Under his dynamic leadership the company grew rapidly and G. F. C became major recognized brand for fans in the Pakistani market. Mr. Muhammad Ilyas, the Chief Executive who is a foreign trained Mechanical Engineer, brought in new technologies for fan manufacturing from developed countries and improved G. F. C products in a continuous process. Automatic Capstan Lathe Machines and Die Casting Machines were introduced in 1982. Automatic Winding Machines were brought from Taiwan in 1985. A Japanese made modern Enameled Wire Manufacturing Plant was installed in 1987 for the manufacturing of quality enameled copper wire for own consumption as well as for the sale in the local market. Plastic Injection Molding Machines were installed in 1993 to manufacture own plastic parts for plastic fans like Exhaust Fans, Bracket Fans, Circumatic Fans and Table Fans. A modern tool room was set up for the manufacture of Dies, Molds and Models etc. The tool room consists of Wire Cut Machines, EDM Machines, Surface Grinders, Cylindrical Grinder, Shaper Machines, CNC Milling Machines and Copy Milling Machines. Automatic Rotor Balancing Machines were introduced in 1995 to further improve the quality of fans. Modern Continuous Stamping Presses were installed in 1997 for manufacture of motors of all type of fans such as Ceiling, Pedestal, Bracket, Exhaust and Circumatic Fans etc. Slitter Machine for slitting the electrical steel sheet coils was installed in 1999. The company started manufacturing Washing Machines in 1996. Due to its quality and excellent finish the product has become an instant success. Gas & Electric Geysers are being manufactured since year 2000. The Chief Executive Mr. Muhammad Ilyas is a pioneer in the export of electric fans from Pakistan. To initiate the export from Pakistan he attended an International exhibition for electrical appliances in 1993 in Abu-Dhabi. The company also participated in many trade delegations as well as exhibitions arranged by Export Promotion Bureau and Federation of Chamber of Commerce & Industry in Bangladesh, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Dubai, Bahrain. Qatar, Sudan, Egypt, U. S. A. etc. G. F. C was the first Pakistani company to export fans to the Middle-East. G. F. C Fans became an instant success due to their quality and durability in all the markets where these were introduced. General Fan Company has also set up a unit to manufacture capacitors used in electric fans, Washing machines and motors. Mr. Muhammad Ilyas (Chief Executive) and Mr. Muhammad Ijaz (Finance Director) are always on the look out for the latest technology for manufacturing of electric fans as well as for corporate management of the company. Now G. F. C has established a new Computer department which keep its Executives update about any inquires. This shows the interest of management not only in manufacturing technology. But they also know the importance of information technology. G. F. C has stepped in this Millennium fully equipped with manufacturing and information technology for Corporate Management and Marketing. G. F. C can rightly claim that they have all the best technologies in its workshops, which are available for Design, Production. Our products are now of International Standard, and we are truly an International Company. Our 800 Employees and Management are committed to Excellence in Quality. G. F. C. was the pioneers in export of fans from Pakistan. G. F. C. has got eight Export Trophy Awards for Fans and other Electrical Products like enameled Copper Wire. 1. 2. Main Competitors: General Fan Company has perfect competition in the market for different products, mainly in fan manufacturing field. The main competitors of G. F. C (General Fan Company) are; ? Pak fan ?Royal fan ?Younis Fan 1. 3. First mover advantage: General Fan Company is currently enjoying the first mover advantage of exports. G. F. C is the only company which starts to export to other countries. That's the reason company has been rewarded export trophy for 08 times. G. F. C being the most popular brand as for the electric fans in Bangladesh most of the fan manufacturers in Bangladesh are using â€Å"G. F. C† trade mark beside the manufacturers of China who are exporting their electric fans to Bangladesh with the same Trade Mark. To stop the manufacturing and selling of fake G. F. C Fans which are registered vide Trade Mark Registration No. 62674 dated 22. 11. 1999 the Chief Executive of the company, Engineer Mohammad Ilyas, visited Bangladesh. 1. 4. Our Core Values: ?Competent ?Committed ?Creative ?Cooperative ?Caring 1. 5. VISION STATEMENT We believe that we have A unique product which has been developed by G. F. C, And no other country manufactures a pedestal fan like ours. This product is most useful in the hot tropical humid climates. We want to mark this product throughout the world, And we foresee this product to dominate the entire International market. We want to set up an excellent after-sales-service, And spare parts supply service to each and every country. We also want to set up home service centers throughout the world. We believe that within 10 years; We can achieve an export target of US Dollars 40 Million. 1. 6 MISSION STATEMENT To produce such quality products, Which provide entire satisfaction to all our customers the world over. 1. 7 QUALITY POLICY STATEMENT Quality policy of G. F. C is to produce such quality products, which provide our customer the entire satisfaction the world over. to meet this obligation, we continually update employees’ skills by introduction of new technologies. 1. 8. COMPANY’S CREDENTIAL General Fan Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. is a pioneer in the export of electric fans from Pakistan. To initiate the export from Pakistan we participated in International exhibition for electrical appliances in 1993 in Abu-Dhabi. The company also participated in many trade delegations as well as exhibitions arranged by Export Promotion Bureau and Federation of Chamber of Commerce & Industry In Bangladesh, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Bahrain. Qatar, Sudan, Egypt, U. S. A. etc. G. F. C. was the first Pakistani company to export fans to the Middle-East. G. F. C. Fans became an instant success due to their quality and durability in all the markets where these were introduced. By the grace of God: ?G. F. C. has been getting the Export Trophy from FPCCI for the export of electric fans for many years. The growth rate of fan export from G. F. C. has been continuously more than 100% per annum for the last 5 years. 1/3rd of the total fans exported from Pakistan. ?G. F. C. has large International orders many times more than the previous years for the financial year 2001-2002 and we are looking forward to export fans to all parts of the world including United States and Europe. ?Water and Power development authority has issued the renewal of Registration in 1997. Registration Renewal is an honorable success that G. F. C. has achieved. ?ISO-9002 Certificate assures that Manufacturing Quality of Electric Fans are according to International Standards. Engineer in Chief Branch has given the certificate of Enlistment/Registration dated: 23-2-2000 on best technical performance. ?Contract agreement for supply of G. F. C. Fans for â€Å"Army Housing Directorate† at 30 April 2001 and is a big achievement for G. F. C. Fans. ?Pakistan Standard Institution has certified according to 1961 ordinance. The institution hereby grants to G. F. C. Fans. (Hereinafter called â€Å"the License†) this License is used as standard mark. 1. 9. COMPANY’S ACHIVEMENTS 1. 10. Company’s Certificates 1. 11. TYPE OF COMPANY General Fan Company (Pvt. ) Ltd. is a partnership company of two brothers. . 12. HIERARCHICAL LEVEL OF COMPANY 1. 13. BOARD OF DIRECTORS There are two families of jointly managing the General Fan Company. All boards of directors are family members. 1. 14. COMMUNICATION MODEL There is no well defined model of communication. I observed that following communication model. 2. COMPANY’S DEPARTMENTS To run an organization many departments work in it, so that an organization may achieve its aims and objectives efficiently. To ensure efficient working of G. F. C the departments that are working in it are as: There are 09 departments working in the Organization Purchases ?Raw material inspection ?Production ?Sales and Marketing ?Research and Development ?Accounts Department ?Human Resources Management ?Internal Audit ?Export & Import 2. 1. Purchase Department Purchase department in every manufacturing organization is of most importance. Because this department provides the other departments as production department with their basic needs. This department is also responsible for the quality of the products produced in that organization, as the quality of product depends upon the quality of raw material. In G. F. C raw material is also purchased from outside that's why they are in need of a production department to fulfill the purchase requirements. This department purchases raw material for the production department. It is the responsibility of this department to provide quality material within minimum cost. To achieve this purpose, the production department of G. F. C purchases raw material, in the supervision of two managers i. e. Mr. M. Kamran and Mr. Zia Hussain, from both sources i. e. ?By domestic purchases ?By importing raw material In Domestic Purchasing, G. F. C purchases raw material regarding the manufacturing of, fans, washing machines, room air coolers, etc. and mostly for this purpose markets of good standards are visited. G. F. C purchases raw material locally from Gujranwala, Lahore, Gujrat, etc. In imports, G. F. C mostly imports those materials that are either expensive or of low quality in Pakistan. Importing is done to keep the standard of production high as well as keeping per unit cost at some reasonable point. The material that in included in imports of G. F. C are ?Aluminum Sheets. ?Copper Rods. ?Plastic raw material. ?Mini Motors Chemicals Here is lists of those countries from which mostly imports are done by G. F. C are from: ? China ?Taiwan ?Korea ?United Kingdom ?Japan ?Hong Kong 2. 2. Inspection Department Those organizations that don't compromise on quality keep an inspection department whose work is to inspect the raw material for quality of raw material and its quantity. If any material is of less quality or of that quality that is not acceptable to the organization, this department doesn't give permission to enter such material within the boundaries of organization and material is returned as it is. In G. F. C there is an in charge for the inspection of raw material and it is his responsibility to make sure that the purchase made for organization is for that material which is of best quality. This department restricts the entry of such material that is either of: ? Less quality ?Defective ?From unauthorized dealer ?Not useful This department ensures that material purchased is of: ?Best Quality ?Contains no defect ?From authorized dealer 2. 3. Production Department Production department in any organization is of immense value. Performance, working, profitability, etc. epends upon this department. All the products of organization are manufactured here. It is the department where force of organization either in labor form or in financial form is applied over material to make products for the organization. So that organization may sell those products in the market to get profit. Like other organizations G. F. C is also paying great attention towards Production Department. According to C. E. O of G. F. C, Production and Selling Departments are of more importance to them. This department works under the supervision of Mr. Asim Ijaz who is the Director of production and he has 4 foremen under his authority so that authority is delegated to others in order to make sure that work is going as at should be. Staff in production department is highly skilled although most of them are not too much educated but they are skilled person in whom 20 members of management and 700-800 are labors and these are the true assets of the company In G. F. C production department is divided into further sub departments as: ? Motor Section ?Body Section ?Fitting Section ?Packing Section 2. 3. 1. Motor Section I. In this section of production department motors for various products of G. F. C are produced. In this section motors for ceiling fans, pedestal fans, room air coolers, etc. are manufactured. II. Ceiling fans use a variety of motors i. e. 36†³ 48†³ and 56†³ are used. And this section produces the motors for all. III. In Pedestal fans motors used are entirely different from the motors used in ceiling fans. This section also produces the motors for pedestal fans. IV. Meanwhile room air coolers also use motors in two ways. V. Motors for fans VI. Motors for water pumps. This section produces the motors for all. This section covers sub sections as: a. Winding Section In this section copper wire is made winded, for type of motor that is going to be used in the Production of other products. b. Coil Testing Section In this section coils made in winding section are tested whether they are in working condition or not. Only approved coils are sent to motor section. 2. 3. 2. Body Section: In this section of production department bodies of various products are manufactured. No matter whether the body is made of plastic or it is made of metal. In this section, bodies of fans, washing machines, coolers, heaters, and other products are manufactured. This section is comprised of the following: Blade section ?Plastic Molding Section ?CNG milling section ?Copper Wire Section i. Blade Section: In this section blades for different kinds of fans are produced. Fan blades, blades for air coolers, etc. are produced here keeping in mind that blades should be good looking and efficient in working. ii. Plastic Molding Section: In this section production department plastic is molded in various shapes to make bodies of fans in plastic those parts of ceiling fans that are of plastic. In short this section makes all the plastic parts of products. iii. Copper Wire Section: This section makes the copper wire for own use and also as a product of G. F. C to be sold in market and for using in its own production process e. g. in making motors. iv. Fitting Section: This section is responsible for the assembling of different parts that make up a product. In this section rotor and stator are combined to make up a complete motor. Similarly in blade section blades are assembled with their connecters. In this department other things like pedestal fans are assembled. This section makes the product in final shape to be packed and sell. v. Packing Section: In this section products are packed to be delivered to selling and marketing department to sell them in the market to have income. This department provides the facility of safe packing and making the products in attractive packing to catch more and more customers. 2. 4. Sales and Marketing Marketing and selling department is very important for every company either is multinational company or domestic company. This department is a link between organization and customers. It s the responsibility of this department to make the customers aware about the products produced in the organization. On the other hand this department is also responsible to sale the products that are manufactured in the market. There is only one Director of marketing i. . Mr. Nabeel Ahmad Ilyas, son of C. E. O Mr. Muhammad Ilyas, and one manager in sales department is Mr. Abdul Rehman. Marketing department is responsible to provide the goods in the market according to the need of the customers. Focus the marketing department is to providing products at proper place at proper time. Staff of this department is highly qualified and skilled. This department concentrates on qualified staff who analyze the market and suggest the manager how and where they should to present it. In the off-season, G. F. C also sells its products in large quantity by offering the special discount. They give special discount on buying their products. According to a survey made by G. F. C only 40% fans in the market are from recognized and registered firms remaining 60% are private and unregistered firms. Their product's sale in KARACHI is stronger and their market share is 18% out of 40%. 2. 5. Research and Development Research and development (R) department in any organization can lead the organization away from others because this department makes a research in the market regarding future trends, expected changes that are going to be in customer's taste and demand. It also suggests to the organization what was the response of previous version of product and what is to be innovated. In G. F. C R&D is not working in the form of a well arranged and not in a proper form of a department. Few employees Mr. Engineer Shehbaz as the manager of this so-called department do this work of R&D department. He is alone responsible for the research work. 2. 6. Internal Audit Internal Auditing is done to check the working of Accounts Department. Mostly it is done to prevent the errors in cash matters of the organization either intentional or unintentional. G. F. C has also its internal Account Department that works in the supervision of Mr. Malik Tafheem has taken the responsibility of internal Auditor. The work of this department is to show actual position of accounts that should be error free. As chances of fraud and misappropriation prevail in every organization so this is the responsibility of this department to fail all the tries that are made in this regard. Note: External Audit is done by the â€Å"M. A Chaudhary. † 2. 7. Export & Import Department This department is revenue generator for the organization and it ensures that organization is gaining in the market. This department is accountable for the delivery of products to the markets where the organization wants to compete and capture market by satisfying customers with their quality The strength of G. F. C fans depends on this department. Department has been comprised on highly skilled and experienced people, they perform their duties and boost the exports with in well-established structure. The manager of this department is MR. Shahid Ali. This department is responsible for contacting with foreign raw material suppliers, search for the new suppliers when needed, import all the raw material required by production department. When company started its exports, there was no planned procedure. But now after growing the company uses latest technology for the export of products. This department plays an essential role to capture well challenging global market and deal with all import and export contemporary challenges under high responsibilities and company strategy and policy department endeavor to augment the export channels. G. F. C fans company first time export their products in AMERICA. Export is a major part that distinguishes it to the other companies. Export countries of GFC fans are, ?SAUDI ARABIA ?YUMAN ?AFGHANISTAN INDONASISA ?DUBAI ?UNITED KINGDOM ?UNITED STATE OF AMERICA 2. 8. ACCOUNTS DEPARTMENT Accounts Department in any Organization is important because of its working. This department shows the progress of organization and allocates the amount to purchase department for purchases. It also pays the rewards to other factors of production in the form of rent, wages, salaries, interest on loans, e lectricity bills, payments to suppliers, managing company accounts etc. In G. F. C accounts department works under the responsibility of Mr. Shahid-Ur-Rehman who is the General Manager of the organization. This department is liable to allocate amount approved by C. E. O to various department on their need. This department also decides about the suitable method of paying wages to labors. In G. F. C accounts department has set the method of wages to production labor as PIECE RATE SYSTEM. This department prepares annual reports of the organization in the month of September every year because September is the closing month of annual year in G. F. C. This department is also held responsible for the distribution of annual bonuses and relieves to the workers that C. E. O declares to them. 2. 8. 1. SOURCES OF RECEIPTS: Recovery from sales through show room ?Sales proceeds of left over raw material ?Export fans 2. 8. 2. PAYMENTS: ?Wages ?Staff Salaries ?Utilities expenses ?Govt. Dues 2. 8. 3. GOVT. PAYMENTS: ?Custom Dues ?Sales tax ?Electricity, Sui gases and telephones expenses 2. 8. 4. PAYMENTS TO SUPPLIERS: ?The suppliers are paid on credit/cash basis ?Venders are paid on cash basis ?Foreign suppliers are paid up to a limited level 2. 8. 5. Functions & Operations of Accounts department; Double entry accounting system is used in G. F. C. Following are the main duties performed by the Accounts department: ? Voucher preparation Coding & Posting of Vouchers ?Prepare a statement of daily receiving & payments ?Preparation of Financial statements ?Cash disbursement ?Monthly Trial balance preparation ?Ending adjustments ?Monthly Cash flow projection ?Bank Reconciliation Statements ?Sales Invoices ?Sales Tax Invoices ?Report to FBR Account department also performs following functions: ?Comparison of cash flow, Budgeted Vs actual ?Capital investment ?Fixed assets schedule report ?Comparison over heads report budgeted Vs actual ?Fixed overheads ?Variable overheads ?Preparation of production statement ?Preparation of Stock statement Month wise production and its sales value ?Wages and salaries statement ?Preparation of report on working Capital ?Receivables ?Raw material including stocks on way ?Finished goods stocks ?Advances and prepayments ?Cash/Bank balance on hand 2. 9. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 2. 9. 1. HUMAN RESOURCE AND SUCCESSION PLAN Human Resource Policy is to hire young, fresh, energetic and active associates to meet the existing and future workforce requirements and providing its associates maximum opportunities for internal mobility through personal training and development to enable them to take higher positions. Human Resource Division has to have succession plan for each key job/area to make sure the continuity of operations in the relevant division and to fill the temporary/permanent vacancy. 2. 9. 2. FIELD OF ACTIVITIES My field of Specialization is M. B. A (HR), so I work 6 weeks under the supervision of General Manager in General Fan Company, 5 weeks in Human Resource Department, and 3 weeks in observing other departments. General Manager is responsible of handling all company records, and HR related activities. The G. M of G. F. C is very hardworking and very honest person. I prepared the whole company report in my internship period, in which I discuses all the departments and their functions. Most of my internship time was spent in HR department, now I will discuses the all functions and operations of HR department, their critical analysis and recommendations. Human Resource Department is actively working in G. F. C fans private limited Gujrat. Basic responsibilities of this department are as follows: ? Hiring Employees ?Firing Employees ?Developing Training Plans for Employees ?Maintaining Appraisal Reports ?Maintaining the Records of Employees 2. 9. 2. 1. HIRING EMPLOYEES There is a proper process for hiring an employee in G. F. C fans private limited and this process has several steps which are as follows: ? Need Analysis ?Job Requisition ?Job Advertisement ?Sorting the Applications ?Initial Interview ?Testing ?Second Interview ?Final Assessment ?Orientation ?Training 2. 9. 2. 2 Reference base Hiring: In G. F. C Gujrat employees also hire through references of already active employees but test and interviews are conducted for them as well. 2. 9. 2. 3. FIRING EMPLOYEES: If an employee does not work according to defined rules then it is responsibility of HR Manager that employee should be fired. If any employee commits any unauthorized work during his job then he will be fired. If any employee is not working up to the mark and not achieving his targets then HR Manager can fire him. 2. 9. 2. 4. Recruitment and Selection Process In GFC the recruitment and selection is made mostly on employee referrals and sometimes if needed advertisement is made on the newspapers for the filling of vacancies. The recruitment and selection process of metro includes the following steps: CV with professional reference Evaluation of application and CV Call for Interview Temporary job letter after success of interview Clearance certificate from previous organization Medical certificate Completion of trial period Issuance of permanent or contract job letter 2. 9. 2. 5. JOB DESCRIPTION Job is described at the time of interview and a complete job description is made on the permanent job letter of the employee. A job description form has been developed for the job description of every employee. 2. 9. 2. 6. DEVELOPING TRAINING PLANS FOR EMPLOYEES: HR Manager is also responsible for developing training plans for employees (workers & staff) and Internees. I. Identification of Training Needs: The training needs of employees (staff & workers) are identified by the function that they perform and by the respective departmental head. For a new employee the training needs are identified in the job descriptions. For existing employees (in case of workers) the training needs are identified in the â€Å"Training Needs Assessment Form†. The relevant departmental head fills the Training Needs Assessment Form. For staff members the training needs are assessed on ACR that is filled by the relevant departmental head at the end of every financial year. Training needs are identified in G. F. C fans private limited. Gujrat to enable employees to execute routine task and to enhance their professional capabilities, enable all persons to reach their full potential, to introduce new techniques and skills in a timely manner and to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the company’s activities. The qualification and experience required for persons performing tasks affecting quality are documented in the job descriptions. II. Training: Based on the TNA (Training Need Assessment) for the workers HR Manager develops an annual training plan. This training plan is then forwarded to the respective departmental head along with the training attendance sheets. The designated trainers conduct training on the dates mentioned in the plan. The TNA (Training Need Assessment) for the staff members is conducted by the respective Departmental Heads on their ACR (Annual Confidential Report). The General Manager is responsible for developing Annual Training Plan (for executives) based on the recommendation of the departmental heads, as desired by the departmental head or management time to time. For a new employee who has been hired at the staff level the HR Manager and relevant head of department develop an orientation plan. After the orientation phase is over the employee submits a written report. Based on this report, the departmental head gives his recommendation that the employee needs further training or not. If further training is required a further orientation plan is developed and subsequently the training is provided. III. Evaluation of training: Departmental heads monitor the training assigned by the trainers. After proper testing and getting the recommendations of the trainer about the trainees, the departmental heads does the evaluation of the training imparted. Assessment of effectiveness of training of employees (staff members) is done on their Annual Confidential Reports. Assessment of effectiveness of training imparted to (non-executives and workers) is done on the Training Plan. IV. Training records: Training record is maintained in the HR Department. The HR Manager is responsible for up-dating the training records of the employees. These training records are maintained in the respective files till the retirement or transfer of that particular employee. All executives and staff are made aware of the departmental quality objectives and role of their activities and their contribution in the achievement of objectives. 2. 9. 2. 7. MAINTAINING APPRAISAL REPORTS: Appraisal Report is assessment of employees which is done by head of department. At the end of the year head of departments make the Appraisal Reports for each employee (Staff only) working in their department. These appraisal reports then forward to HR Manager who further manage these reports according to the remarks which are given by the head of department about the employee. According to the remarks record of employees are upgraded. Appraisal decides the percentage of increment in pay of employees or for promotion. Report also decides whether employees need any further training or not. . 9. 2. 8. MAINTAINING THE RECORDS OF EMPLOYEES: Managing the record of employees is also responsibility of HR Department. When the employee is hired all of his data and documents are stored in a file and this file is stored. Employee’s data is also stored in computer by assigning him with a computer code. Now with the passage of time all new documents including training certificates and app raisal reports are updated into the files of employees. Any employee’s file has the same number which is computer code of employee. 2. 9. 2. 9. ATTENDANCE SYSTEM Attendance is made on daily basis at the main gate with entry and exit time transferred to the HR department. Overtime attendance is taken by the supervisors of the concerning department and conveyed to the HR department for the overtime wages etc. 2. 9. 2. 10. JOB ANALYSIS Job analysis of every employee is made by the HR department with the help of departmental managers and employee performance according to their job description. 2. 9. 2. 11. COMPENSATION AND REWARD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM On the basis of the job analysis annual increments and promotions are given to the employees twice a year. For outstanding employees special pay packages are offered and rewards and given in different ways to the employees for their motivation. 2. 9. 2. 12. LEADERSHIP STYLES In Metro I observed two types of leadership styles that are: Autocratic leadership and Democratic leadership. Autocratic style of leadership is observed in functional managers while democratic style of leadership is observed in middle and corporate level managers. 2. 9. 2. 12. HEALTH AND SAFETY ISSUES A proper system of health and safety is established at metro by providing the workers with safety devices, trainings, and by providing proper uniforms. Metro Hi-Tec provides medical and safety services to its employees in different ways. 3. OTHER WORKS CAUSED TO EXPERTISE ME DURING INTERNSHIP Apart from the before mentioned tasks . I worked on certain other assignments in GFC as well as got to learn certain other works such as. †¢I learnt the exact way of punching the documents. Because this to the first thing that one who gets to learn while in an office as instead of abruptly punching it one should first fold it and than keeping in line with the middle of page one should punch. †¢I learnt how the documents are filled and used to do a lot of filing. I went through typing certain application and letters. †¢I worked how data is feed in the computers. †¢I learnt how the phones are attended. †¢I used to go to banks for obtaining the statements for settlement of accounts. †¢I passed daily entries in the Journal and ledger accounts. †¢Documents relating to taxation purposes were also filled by me 4. OBJ ECTIVES OF STUDYING THE ORGANIZATION a)To promote efficiency and effectiveness by providing competent and high-caliber professionals in the area of Management Accountancy. b)Identify the duties of the financial manager within the firm. )Understand why wealth maximization, rather than profit maximization, is the firm's goal and how economic value added (EVA), d)To analysis what plays the role of Banks with the Firm. e)To estimate a firm's profitability relative to its sales, asset investment, & owners ‘equity investment. f)In fact, we have studied in GFC Private Limited Company because it is committed to these following Business Principles. 5. THE BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF GFC A. Corporate Philosophy Maintaining a global viewpoint, GFC is dedicated to supplying products of the highest quality yet at a reasonable price for worldwide customer satisfaction. )Dynamic manufacturing and marketing of prestigious products to the entire satisfaction of customers. b)Create ideal working env ironment for continuous development of product and personnel. c)Provide adequate return to share holders and fulfill corporate civic obligations. B. Management Policy a)Proceed always with ambition and youthfulness. b)Respect sound theory, develop fresh ideas, and make the most effective use of time. c)Enjoy your work and encourage open communications. d)Strive constantly for a harmonious flow of work. e)Be ever mindful of the value of research and endeavor. )Respect for all – man has priority over others. g)Man is the key in controlling i. e. machines, methods and materials. h)Follow 3S spirit i. e. small, smart and speed. i)Believe in 3A â€Å"GFC on Approach† i. e. be on Actual Spot, look at the Actual Spot and confront the Actual Situation. j)Be a good corporate citizen; assume a responsible role in community. C. Priority Standards Of Conduct a)Safety: There can be no production without safety. b)Quality: To achieve the No. 1 customer satisfaction, Metro is dedicat ed to supply the prestigious products of its highest quality, through our smart team work. )Productivity: With safety and quality each of it will strive to excel the performance in all fields of its activities i. e. Production, Marketing & Planning, After Sales Service, Finance, Logistics & Imports and Human Resource & Administration etc. D. Quality policy To achieve the No. 1 customer satisfaction, GFC is dedicated to supplying the prestigious products of its highest quality through its smart team work defined by the regulatory parameters & continually improving its strategies and goals for better performance. E. Environment policy GFC (Pvt. Ltd Gujrat (Pakistan), being responsible member of the society considers the preservation of the global environment as a crucial concern. GFC’s environmental philosophy is firmly based on the following guidelines: a)Recognize the impacts of the significant aspects on the environment resulting from activities, products and services; b)For mulate objectives and targets to control the effects of activities on local environment as for as technically feasible; c)Operate in compliance with relevant environmental laws, regulations and other requirements that apply to its activities; d)Create environment friendly attitude among associates; )Commitment to continual improvement of the environmental performance and review of the environmental management system to ensure its suitability, adequacy and effectiveness. F. Safety, Health and Environment GFC (Pvt. ) Ltd Gujrat (Pakistan) conducts its business responsibly and in a way to make sure Health, Safety and protection from Environmental aspects of its associates and the society. GFC implements and maintains the programs that provide reasonable assurance that the business will do the following: a)To comply with all applicable government and internal health, safety and environmental requirements. )Design facilities and conduct operations in a way that avoids risk to human healt h, safety and the environment. c)To examine and communicate the known hazards of operations with relevant health, safety and environmental protection information to potentially affected persons. G. Operating principles a)Always keep the deadline. b)Never make excuses. c)Teamwork. 6. SUGGESTIONS During the training I have observed number of problems and here are some suggestions of my observations. G. F. C management has strong capability to increase the production rate by reducing the cost of production. It can be achieved by investing more in time span; research studies and reengineering related department structure. Concluding points: ?In accounts department there is no well define job description. There must be a list of duty for each employee. ?There is no management in working environment. They should adopt a management functions in their department. ?Human Resource and Accounts department should hire at least two employees more. ?In HR department, there must racks for files. ?Vision Statement is to long, it must be one or two sentences ? G. F. C still emphasizes on production concept ?There is very less monitoring so there is need to be tightening the control by using digital monitoring system in account department. ?Local market of gujrat area can be captured ?G. F. C system is based on Microsoft window 98, so it should be upgraded as in market window xp is available. ?MIS system should be very efficient that manual work can be eliminated. ?R&D department in G. F. C is not very much active so management should have to investigate and invest more to overcome this. Every department should initiate research work that provides technical support to find out hidden facts that are the primary source of irregularities. ?Efficient employees and fresh management team with latest and modern techniques and valuable exposure can figure out managerial problems. ?There is less commitment among the workers. To improve this situation worker’s problems should be addressed properly. ?Top management should be awarded by stocks ( shares) for getting more efficient work and involvement in the organization. ?There must be proper uplifts and reward system for the encouragement of employees. G. F. C has very few targeted markets they have to explore more to enhance their profitability and worth. ?Salary packages are not very much attractive for the employees which should be revised. ?G. F. C is doing well but it should add-up the doing good factor (Society’s benefits). For awareness workshops and seminars should be conducted regularly. ?Appraisal report should be prepared on merit rather than on personal biasness. ?Up to date promotional strategies should be adopted (print and electronic media). ?For selection of price and new consumers need, company should conduct market survey. G. F. C is presently targeting only a small number of markets and there are still a large segment of markets which can be explored. ?More the export the more the profit will be; because of this G. F. C can enjoy a lot more profit than existing. ?G. F. C can easily expand its businesses through external debt because of its already built credibility. ?By the reduction in cost of production G. F. C can enjoy the more profit margins. ?If the employees discipline and control mechanism should properly apply then it will results more involvement and output. By introducing more brands and designs by adequate use of R&D G. F. C can grow more ? G. F. C still adopting production concept. There must be forward thinking ? G. F. C must investment in outside the business. ?Less monitoring or check and balance. There must be check and balance. 7. REFERENCES ?Director marketing (Nabeel Ahmad) ?Director Finance and Purchase (Ijaz Ahmad) ?General Manager Finance (Shahid-ur-Rehman) ?www. gfcfans. com ?www. google. com ?Chief Accountant(Muhammad Imran) ?Accounts Officer (Nasir Khan) ?Assistant Accountant (Mian Abdul Haseeb) . APPENDICES ?Job Description Form Job title: ________________________________________ Summary descriptio n: _____________________________ _______________________________________________ Major tasks and responsibilities: _______________ _____ ___ _______ ______________ ______________________ ___________ ________________ ___________________ Minor functions: _ _______________ ___________ _____ _ ________________ ____ _______ ___________ ______ Supervised by & report to:____________ ______________ _ ________________ ____________ ____________ _____ Supervise:_ _______________ _______________________ Assist with other jobs:_ ________________ ____________ _ ________________ ___________ ________ ____ _____ Qualifications & training: ___ ____________________ ___ _ ________________ ___________ ___________ ______ _ ________________ ___________ ___________ ______ Skill requirements:___________ _________ ___________ _ ________________ ___________ __________ ______ _ ________________ ___________ ____________ ______ Experience: _________ ___________ _______ ___ ______ Personal characteristics required:__ _____ _____________ ________________ ___________ ________ __________ Physical requirements:__________ _______ ____________ Salary range: minimum:_____ ______ maximum:__ ______ Work hours: _____________ _______________ _________ Average hours: ___ _________ ____________ _________ _ Days off per week:_ ________________ ______ _________ Overtime: never: _______seldom: ________ often: _______ Other benefits:_ ________________ ______________ ____ ________________ _______________ _________________ Work environment:_ _______________ ________ ________ _ ________________ ______________ ___________ _____ Safety responsibilities:_ ________ ________ ____ ________ _ ________________ ______________ ______ ________ _ _ ________________ _______________ _____ ________ 9. CONTACTS OF INTERNEE & ORGANIZATION: Internee’s ContactsOrganization’s Contacts Afzaal Ahmad S/O Muhammad InayatGeneral Fan Company, Private Limited Mailing Address: Mailing Address: General Fan Company G. T. Road, Gujrat-Pakistan. Cell :+92-300-5448133Telephone: +92-53-3520301-03 E-mail ID: [email  protected] com afzaal. [email  protected] com [email  protected] com Fax: +92-53-3521427-3515303 Email: [email  protected] com

Songs Of Innocence And Experience English Literature Essay

Blake considers, that tellurian human life is a manner of psyche from A ­ Eternity and back in Eternity. The psyche apparels in a flesh for the tellurian being. It holds in recollection Eternity, that is Innocence. But the got Knowledge deforms, obscures this memory. On the other manus, tellurian being, harmonizing to Emmanuel Swedenborg ‘s philosophy is reflection of that occurs in Eternity. Blake the thought non merely every bit philosophical footing uses this. It applies it as A ­ an artistic touch. Therefore in each verse form the dual sense is hidden. When Blake describes a rural landscape, games A ­ of kids, a pray in St. Paul ‘s A ­cathedral, it invariably reminds, that it is a inquiry non of simple day-to-day A ­ events, and about the Eternal Life. Echoes of this Ageless Life we, mortal, can catch, fondling the babe or pressing N µNˆN?N‚N? a lamb. If we possess though to some extent ability of godly vision. Thankss to this implied sense field A ­ kids ‘s poetries turn to serious A ­ philosophical merchandise. At this clip Blake it is unbounded trusts in ? ±? »? °N?N‚N?N‚N? and clemency of the God. The God is a unvarying and alone good beginning, and the Human Son – the Christ – the invariable curate and the guardian A ­ of people. Blake divided Swedenborg ‘s sights which rejected the construct of the Sacred Trinity. Swedenborg asserted, that the God is unvarying, the God has merely condescended for some clip for the Earth in image Jesus Christ. On the other manus, harmonizing to Swedenborg ‘s philosophy, the interior universe of the individual is at the same time and the universe heavenly. The love, compassion, attention about near are â€Å" conformance † to that occurs in the Sky, that is conformance to the God. Each of us is the smallest A ­ similarity of the Sky, or A «the Sacred imageA » . As effect the Eternity as a fusion is good fortune accomplishable non merely out of tellurian being. It can be found in a shower of everyo ne person, concluded in a animal screen, but merely if the psyche keeps true spiritualty, or Innocence. But a existent tellurian life – a valley non merely pleasures, but besides sorrows. A «Songs of InnocenceA » are full every bit both pleasances, A ­ and agonies – both that and another an kernel necessary parts A ­ of a Godhead Craft. The psyche rejoices, for shops memory of A ­ Eternity, but the flesh is doomed to endure. A «Songs of InnocenceA » describe A ­ both merriment, and a heartache, However light motivations prevail in images of a rhythm: A «Songs of InnocenceA » speak about happyA ­ and sorrowless A «a status of psyche humanA » , about A ­ Godhead protection, about spiritualty of the tellurian universe. Creation A «Songs of InnocenceA » has been finished in 1789. At that clip Blake believed this rhythm the finished merchandise. However in five old ages he has created a new rhythm A «Songs of ExperienceA » which has been united together with A «Songs of InnocenceA » in built-in merchandise A «Songs of Innocence and Experience Proving the Two Contrary States of the Human SoulA » . By this clip at Blake sights at the universe have radically changed. Assortment of the grounds has caused this alteration, in peculiar, letdown in the Gallic Revolution and a backdown from thoughts of Emmanuel Swedenborg. Early sights Blake can be defined conditionally as â€Å" Christian † , and it is possible to call its new construct â€Å" natural † . In what consists it A « naturalA » ? The poet at an early phase about focused all attending to extraterrestrial being of psyche and on idyllic Eternity. Echoes of this Eternity can be observed in some tellurian shows. The Divine, nevertheless, has been separated A ­from tellurian plenty by an accurate side. Achievement A ­ of full harmoniousness, a religious ideal likely merely in Eternity, and the tellurian life is held down by a flesh and accordingly is A ­ a valley of sorrows and cryings. By composing clip A «Songs of ExperienceA » Blake has well changed the point of position. Now it transfers the attending to a tellurian A ­ world. Terrestrial heartaches do non do in it more thought on retribution in the hereafter. The protest alternatively ripens: the life could be ideal A ­ and on the Earth, but the Earth is burd ened by â€Å" religious fettersA » which are necessary for dumping. In this instance there will be A «a returning A ­ of the EarthA » , that is earthly Eden coming. Poem A «The Chimney SweeperA » is a typical illustration of polemic Blake of times A «Songs of InnocenceA » with Blake times A «Songs of ExperienceA » . Heroes of two verse forms are similar to the indistinguishable name among themselves, but in the first the little chimney expanse is unfortunate because of the adversity, in the 2nd – is capable to prove pleasance reverse to them. In the first it finds a solace in the God let go ofing it from â€Å" casket † of a tellurian life, in the 2nd – is dressed in â€Å" shroud † on the Earth by the God ( is more exact, the God-fearing parents ) is doomed to agonies. Accusatory poignancy is every bit strong in both verse forms, but in everyone it sounds in ain manner: in the first – the felicity is possible merely in celestial spheres as atonement of tellurian heartaches, in the 2nd – the felicity would be possible and on the Earth if non ferociousness A ­ of bing uses. THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER ( Songs of Innocence ) When my female parent died I was really immature, And my male parent sold me while yet my lingua, Could barely cry weep weep weep weep. So your chimneys I sweep & amp ; in carbon black I sleep. Theres small Tom Dacre, who cried when his caput That curi ‘d wish a lambs back, was shav ‘d, so I said, Hush Tom ne'er mind it, for when your caput ‘s bare, You know that the carbon black can non botch your white hair. And so he was quiet, & A ; that really dark, As Tom was a sleeping he had such a sight, That 1000s of sweepers Dick, Joe, Ned & A ; Jack Were all of them lock ‘d up in caskets of black, And by came an Angel who had a bright key, And he unfastened ‘d the caskets & A ; set them all free. Then down a green field jumping express joying they run And wash in a river & A ; radiance in the Sun. Then naked & A ; white, all their bags left behind, They rise upon clouds, and athletics in the air current. And the Angel told Tom, if he ‘d be a good male child, He ‘d hold God for his male parent & A ; ne'er want joy. And so Tom awoke and we rose in the dark And got with our bags & A ; our coppices to work. Tho ‘ the forenoon was cold, Tom was happy & A ; warm. So if all do their responsibility, they need non fear injury. THE CHIMNEY SWEEPER ( Songs of Experience ) A small black thing among the snow: Shouting weep, weep, in notes of suffering! Where are thy male parent & A ; mother? state? They are both gone up to the church to pray. Because I was happy upon the heath, And smil ‘d among the winters snow: They clothed me in the apparels of decease, And taught me to sing the notes of suffering. And because I am happy, & A ; dance & A ; sing, They think they have done me no hurt: And are gone to praise God & A ; his Priest & A ; King Who make up a Eden of our wretchedness. The universe is conceived as made, but the spirit human stays A ­in a prevarication and pretension trap: it is new doctrine Blake. The poet already non the shepherd-boy with a pipe, as in A «Songs of InnocenceA » .IntroductionShrieking down the vale wild Piping vocals of pleasant hilarity On a cloud I saw a kid. And he express joying said to me. Shriek a vocal about a Lamb: So I piped with merry chear, Piper pipe that vocal once more – So I piped, he wept to hear. Drop thy pipe thy happy pipe Sing thy vocals of happy chear, So I sung the same once more While he wept with joy to hear. Piper sit thee down and compose In a book that all may read – So he vanish ‘d from my sight, And I pluck ‘d a hollow reed. And I made a rural pen, And I stain ‘d the H2O clear, And I wrote my happy vocals, Every kid may rejoice to hear The new Poet is a Bard, clairvoyant, the prophesier. Its job – A ­ to demo to people a manner to spirit glade.THE VOICE OF THE ANCIENT BARDYoung person of delight semen hither, And see the gap forenoon, Image of truth new born. Doubt is fled & amp ; clouds of ground, Dark disputes & A ; disingenuous teazing. Folly is an eternal labyrinth. Tangled roots perplex her ways, How many have fallen at that place! They stumble all dark over castanetss of the dead: And experience they know non what but attention: And wish to take others when they should be led. The new phase of religious manner Blake is connected with crisp turn Swedenborg ‘s thoughts down. Blake has seen them from the new party. Blake Markss in spiritual swedenborgian doctrine its nonreversible kernel, bigotry, the passiveness discourse. Swedenborg wrote, that the individual religious is the individual obedient to the God. Blake foremost was wholly agree with this statement, but so it had uncertainties in illustriousness and justness of the God. The God became for Blake a absolutism embodimentA ­ .  µÃ‚ µÃ‚ ±Nˆ tested to explicate an interior universe through constructs A ­ of a material universe. Thus the material universe was reduced to a pale A ­copy of the all right and perfect universe heavenly. Blake, holding crossed through tenet of Swedenborg, has resolutely rejected distinction of the stuff and religious universes. He asserted, that true spiritualty is put in pawn in the Nature and merely waits A ­ for the Apocalypse, rebellion against godly co nstitutions A ­ to be shown in full force. In A «Experience SongsA » NN there is one of figures Blake ‘s mythologies – God Urizen ( compare Your Reason ) . Urizen is the incarnation of conventional ground and jurisprudence which resist to liberate, free Imagination. Urizen is depicted in Blake ‘s watercoloured etching â€Å" The Ancient of Days † . The brace A «Imagination – ReasonA » – merely a portion of a concatenation A ­ of contrasts which penetrates all rhythm and sets its nonliteral system: Light – Dark, Good – Angrily, the Life – Death, the Youth – the Old age, the Man ‘s get downing – the Female beginning, free love – suppression of desires etc. Blake counterposes his â€Å" Contraries † to Swedenborg ‘s thought of equilibrium. â€Å" Without Contraries is no patterned advance † , says Blake. â€Å" Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate are necessary to Human being. † The opposite beginnings are impossible one without another, but therefore Blake accepted for positive A ­remain positive, and accepted for negative – negative throughout all rhythm, in any context, and it in many respects helps to decode symbols of Blake. THE HUMAN ABSTRACT Pity would be no more. If we did non do person Poor: And Mercy no more could be, If all were every bit happy as we: And common fright brings peace: Till the selfish loves addition. Then Cruelty knits a trap, And distribute his come-ons with attention. He sits down with holy frights, And waters the land with cryings: Then Humility takes its root Underneath his pes. Soon spreads the blue shadiness Of Mystery over his caput ; And the Catterpiller and Fly, Feed on the Mystery. And it bears the fruit of Deceit, Ruddy and sweet to eat: And the Raven his nest has made In its thickest shadiness. The Gods of the Earth and sea, Sought through Nature to happen this Tree, But their hunt was all in vain ; There grows one in the Human Brain. This verse form ( brace to A «THE DIVINE IMAGEA » from the first rhythm ) – cardinal for apprehension of philosophical system A «A ­ Experience SongsA » . Here Kindly, the Tolerance, the World, Love become a constituent of the unnatural societal constitutions A ­ bing in land Urizen, – that is the philosophical construct A «Innocence SongsA » is wholly discredited. Having shown falseness and lip service of the basic virtuousnesss of Innocence, Blake builds new fable of private universe of the individual in which footing the image of the Tree lays favourite it. It from Fear and Humility – holier-than-thou humbleness of a lamb ( compare a verse form â€Å" Lily † ) grows and shortly spreads a glooming hag of Belief, that is unnatural, far-fetched faith which feeds the Caterpillar and a Moth, churchmans being here symbols. At last, the Tree brings the Deceit fruit, that is lie and pretension A ­ ( therefore it is sweet ) , and on the Tree there is a Raven – a decease symbol. Such see BlakeN? private universe of the individual and A ­ a religious manner of the world which has been held down ironss of U rizen. In last A ­ stanza it is underlined, that A «gods of the sea and the earthA » , that is wildlife, unvarying with Imagination, could non happen this Tree as there is it in a human encephalon and cultivates him Urizen – inert, non originative Reason. THE DIVINE IMAGE To Mercy Pity Peace and Love, All pray in their hurt: And to these virtuousnesss of delectation Return their gratefulness. For Mercy Pity Peace and Love, Is God our male parent beloved: And Mercy Pity Peace and Love, Is Man his kid and attention. For Mercy has a human bosom Pity, a human face: And Love, the human signifier Godhead, And Peace, the human frock. Then every adult male of every climate, That prays in his hurt, Prays to the human signifier Godhead Love Mercy Pity Peace. And all must love the human signifier, In pagan, Turk or Jew. Where Mercy, Love & A ; Pity dwell, There God is brooding excessively. In this verse form, cardinal for A « Songs of Innocence, in the most distinguishable form the basic thought of a rhythm appears: the human nature is godly. The individual and the God is one thing. Loving the individual, we love besides the God, in the God we love Its humanity. Here the basic, cardinal virtuousnesss of the universe of â€Å" Innocence SongsA » are straight named: Good, Tolerance, the World, Love, every bit of import as for a life terrestrial, and heavenly. These virtuousnesss in the â€Å" perfect † signifier exist in celestial spheres, and in the â€Å" reflected † sort ( harmonizing to A «to the philosophy about conformityA » ) are given people, and the people transporting in the Sacred Image, should portion them with each other. The true Christian – the 1 who professes Good, Tolerance, the World, Love, that is that who creates an image of Eternity on the Earth, and in this sense there is no differentiation between the states and faiths ( comparison at Swedenborg: A « To the individual professing love to approach, a manner on the Sky it is opened irrespective of its tellurian faith – the belief is learnt non by faith. Any individual carry oning a life moral and religious, comprises the Sky A » ) . Harmonizing to new sights Blake, the manner to A «returning of the EarthA ­A » lays through release of desires ( first of all – loveA ­ ) which are connected Reason ‘s ironss – Urizen In a triumph A ­ of natural aspirations – both fleshes, and spirit- . Blake sees the Imagination jubilation, falling of â€Å" religious fettersA » . The tellurian, A ­ animal life with natural spiritualty ab initio built-in in it becomes for Blake the new ideal lifting to the topographic point of A ­ idyllic Eternity. However in the bulk of verse forms â€Å" Songs of A ­ Experience A » it is a inquiry of suppression of natural inherent aptitudes A ­ or about penalty for their show, from here – terrible, A ­ sometimes acrimonious and hopeless tone of this rhythm. In A «Experience SongsA » , surely, acerb plenty, A ­ â€Å" satirical † leer over light, beaming – and A ­ perfectly unlikely – the universe of â€Å" Songs of Innocence A » contains, A ­A ­ and in this sense the 2nd rhythm bears on itself the letdown imperativeness. However it non is letdown in a life in general, more likely, A ­ letdown in former ideals. However, to state, that Blake A ­ wholly rejects the former representations, would be A ­ hyperbole: he names the former vision â€Å" nonreversible † , the thoughts â€Å" limited † , but wholly non wrong. Experience A ­ does non deny Innocence, but takes off to it a modest topographic point of one of facets of assortment of the universe. Blake shows, that Mildness is impossible without Violence, Mercy without Suffering, Pleasure without Grief, and Good without Harm. A «Skilled A ­ InnocenceA » , uniting cleanliness with release of desires, A ­ holiness with absenc e of pretension and lip service, natural A ­A «divine visionA » with the got knowledge becomes ideal BlakeA ­A ­A ­ . In a word, Experience assumes wider and diverse A ­ image of the universe including Innocence as one of two tantamount – and equal in rights – the parties, each of which A ­ is every bit necessary, that is why is sacred. However the basic idea of a rhythm however consists that in land of Urizen of virtuousness of Innocence reasonably frequently A ­ turn to the contrasts. For this ground so A ­ unconditionally discredits Blake Kindly, Tolerance, the World, Love which become symbols of prevarication, lip service and pretension so ruthlessly onslaughts clemencies and faith which are the grounds of cryings and agonies. While there are A «spiritual A ­ fettersA » , idyll is unaccessible, but after falling of these hobbles Paradise is possible and on the Earth for the Nature, as a affair of fact, and is that ? ­Ã‚ µ which will transport out finally all human desires. A «Experience songsA » sing scolded, but non killed beauty A ­ of a tellurian life, individuality of the Nature and the God – merely in such sense and it is necessary to understand them A «naturalA » . Its book A «The Marriage of Heaven and HellA » , ( 1790 ) became the pronunciamento of â€Å" natural † sights Blake. Difficultly plenty with truth to specify a genre of this merchandise is at the same time both the philosophical treatise, and the arch of apothegms, and a verse form in prose: doubtless, Blake meaningly A ­ tried to imitate bible stylistics. It is devoted polemic with A ­ initial Christianity, no less than with Swedenborg sights. Developing A «theomachicA » the tradition traveling in the English A ­ literature from J. Milton ( from its verse form A «Lost ParadiseA » , 1667 ) , Blake declares insolvent the standard Christian construct of Good and Harm. Kind ( Sky ) Sung in A «A ­ Innocence SongsA ­A » and represented by Christian faith as proceeding from the God and, therefore, is alone good, becomes at Blake inactive, all-accepting, that is why non originative, non the capable beginning to development ; on the contrary, rebellious Harm ( Hell ) sees to it the get downing active, making for it, interrupting traditional A ­ representations, moves development. The good personifies A ­ religious stagnancy, and Harm – throwings and spirit battles without which A ­thought motion is impossible. Jehovah appears in a verse form as a terrible, despotic divinity A ­ and it is really identified with Urizen. The Satan, A ­ on the contrary, is shown as the picker, the combatant bodying A ­ the Poetic Genius. Breaking Christianity canons, Blake the Christ, tries to turn out, that more likely, belonged to party of the Satan for was guided by Imagination and preferred to follow the desires and suggestions, alternatively of the imposed tenet. The imaginativeness which Blake considers as the higher ability of the individual, doubtless, starts with the Hell. The sky personifies an order, reason, bigotry ; the Imagination is held down by nil, chaotically and perfectly irrationally. Traditional Harm A ­ becomes in A « The Marriage†¦ A » A symbol of religious freedom, originative A ­ energy, reformative the universe, and traditional Good – A ­ a passiveness and bigotry symbol. However Blake remains it is true to the A ­ dialectics and asserts, that two antonyms are huffy about each other and merely their coexistence, â€Å" a matrimony † behaviors to original spiritualty. The 2nd major inquiry A « The Marriage†¦ A » is a inquiry of integrity of psyche and a organic structure. Blake rejects supported of Swedenborg traditional representations about a organic structure as A «sinful fleshA ­A » ( i.e. Harm ) and to a shower as NN‚? µ? »NN† ? µ A ­ Godhead fire ( i.e. Good ) . Marrying A ­ occurs non merely in a existence, but besides in each of the person: psyche and a flesh – are unvarying. Blake asserts, that A «All Live – Is sacredA » , that is the material universe non merely is a pale A ­ transcript of the universe heavenly, it is arrogant and self-sufficing, that is why is in ain manner perfect. The psyche does non be individually from a flesh as the flesh is so sacred, every bit good as psyche ; and therefore animal desires are wholly non iniquitous ( as confirms the Sky ) , on the contrary, sinfully their suppression. In release of a flesh A ­ which will do release of spirit, Blake sees a m anner to a cleansing Apocalypse, to falling of Kingdom Urizen. Surely, the care A «Sky and Hell WeddingA » A ­ is non settled at all by these general commissariats. This hard A ­ and deep philosophical merchandise written in A ­ feature for Blake an allegorical, nonliteral mode. He did non draw a bead on to simplicity for affairs about which it narrated A ­- common dealingss of Good and Harm, the Person and the God, – do non endure simplification, but the thoughtful reader can non acquire into an kernel of its doctrine and to track, at least partially, a thought class A «great visioneryA » . The period Blake ‘s battle against God with its defiance, A ­ all-rejection and maximalism has appeared shortA ­ . It was followed by deep crisis and – as its consequence A ­- a long silence, full refusal of the publication of the merchandises. Religious crisis has returned Blake to believe on the God, on Innocence, but already in its other understanding. Now it considers creative activity of a material universe as a constituent and direct consequence of Fall from what follows, that the flesh is inherently opposite to a religious A ­substance and, therefore, is ab initio iniquitous. The particular topographic point among Blake ‘s merchandises of this period A ­ occupies a verse form â€Å" The Mental Traveller † ( written apprx. 1800 ) . It some sort of the religious autobiography of the poet and at the same time religious life of world. Blake describes beginning, a jubilation and diminution of any thought and A ­ in analogue shows, how its ain sights developed and changed. A « Songs of Innocence and Experience A » – it is the widest a known portion Blake ‘s heritages. They give full plenty, but far non thorough representation about creativeness of this A ­ singular maestro. It would be desirable to trust, that finally A ­ the Russian reader will pull off to acquire acquainted more full with A ­ a heritage of the great poet-seer which has in many respects anticipated A ­ the farther development of poesy, and human idea as a whole. Auguries of Artlessness â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † by William Blake occupy a particular topographic point in his work. This piece dates from 1801-1803 old ages and conventionally related to the 2nd period of his poesy. This old ages new religious quest Blake, when it replaced the idealistic, the realistic temper of the yesteryear comes an wholly new construct of peace, based on – perceptual experiences of world in the integrity of all its contradictory facets. It is hard to find the genre of the work. At first familiarity it seems that in â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † is no definite secret plan line, they seem merely axiomatic fragments, in no manner linked. As one of the most complex and original phenomena of European literature, â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † is an organic portion of the artistic universe of Blake. Understanding of this work can non be outside the context of the poet. The chief job that confronts a author, stated in the rubric of the verse form – â€Å" Auguries of Innocence. † In Blake ‘s Artlessness does non be apart from cognition, these mutual oppositions are non negate each other, all co-exist in integrity. It was this thought ( the combination of incompatible ) tends to reflect the poet in his work. Poem â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † was preceded by a rhythm of verse forms â€Å" Songs of Innocence and ExperienceA » , which shows really clearly the dialectical vision of the universe poet. â€Å" The significance of the book – the thought of continuity of human religious experience, his unity, †¦ amalgamation in some higher synthesis inherent in the personality of the birth of † artlessness, pureness – and all the inevitable edification of each are far from being ideal. â€Å" It is poesy, â€Å" where the universe is comprehended in the brushs, the higher harmoniousness of the ageless and intolerable societal dissection, the current of his being, at the intersections of mutual oppositions. † ( 4, 28 ) , and these mutual oppositions of artlessness and cognition do non contradict each other, everything is interconnected, everything exists in integrity. â€Å" We can non reject one another glorified, because everything in life is inextricably intertwined. † ( 5, 19 ) The same perceptual experience of contrast we see in â€Å" Auguries of Innocence. † But Blake infinite assortment of this dialectic battle of creative activity and devastation. His images are continuously germinating. From this diverseness, at first glimpse, a simple manner that makes it hard to understand. ( 12, 171 ) Start â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † with lines that are most frequently quoted when mentioning to the name of William Blake, with the lines have become a pronunciamento of English Romanticism: To see a World in a grain of sand, And a Heaven in a wild flower, Hold Infinity in the thenar of your manus, And Eternity in an hr. ( 1, 324 ) No accident that this stanza reminds one of the first. It expressed the cardinal rule of Blake. Here we are speaking about the position of the internal and external. In each grain of sand, the writer seeks to spot a contemplation of the religious kernel, the desire for direct acclivity from a individual, private experiences to the boundlessly broad, cosmopolitan generalisations. And it was called a adult male with imaginativeness. Center of the complex artistic universe of Blake is the adult male. Man is heaven and Earth, snake pit and Eden and all the phenomena of the universe at the same time. The poet says: Thou art a Man: God is no more: Thy ain Humanity learn to adore, For that is My spirit of life. ( The Everlasting Gospel ) This is Imagination is what helps to throw off the bonds of an enslaved spirit, unleash the perceptual experience, â€Å" see infinity in one minute. † The value of free imaginativeness – the chief thought of the following path: A redbreast robin in a coop Puts all Heaven in a fury. A dove-house fill ‘d with doves & A ; pigeons Frissons Hell thro ‘ all its parts. The same thought is found in the â€Å" Proverbs of Hell † , from â€Å" The Marriage of Heaven and Hell † , which reads: † You ne'er know what is adequate unless you know what is more than plenty. † Here Blake negotiations about the human right to fulfill all their desires. Enslavement reinforces the subjugation of ground over imaginativeness. Blake defends the right of speculative homo believing which refuses to set any boundary lines. Humility Blake – the greatest perversion of human nature. â€Å" Blake hated it, because it means the forfeit of the God within adult male, the wickedness against the Holy Ghost. Forced humbleness is religious slaying. Persons should ne'er the subjected to Urizen ‘s â€Å" One Law for the Lion & A ; Ox † ( The Marriage of Heaven and Hell ) . Humility is â€Å" the fast one of antediluvian Elf † ( The Everlasting Gospel ) . † [ S. Foster Damon. A Blake lexicon: the thoughts and symbols of Wil liam Blake ] The jurisprudence of all development is a battle. This is an thought the poet is in a self-contradictory signifier of â€Å" Proverbs of Hell † we find the undermentioned lines: â€Å" Sooner slaying an baby in its cradle than nurse unacted desires † , and â€Å" Auguries of Innocence † image â€Å" a redbreast in a coop † , embodies the reticent desire, poison the psyche of adult male. No demand to seek to acquire rid of enticement, merely traveling through the full emancipation can see the truth, because â€Å" he who desires but acts non, strains plague. † A Canis familiaris starv ‘d at his maestro ‘s gate Predicts the ruin of the State. A Equus caballus misus ‘d upon the route Calls to Heaven for human blood. Each call of the hunted hare A fiber from the encephalon does rupture. In these lines there is a symbolic image of England and the universe. William Blake created at the junction of era, it is non surprising that in his work, he tried to reflect and understand the events that took topographic point at that minute in his state and worldwide. The first efforts to look as early in the rhythm â€Å" Songs of Experience † that would subsequently slop over into the creative activity of such infinite verse forms as â€Å" Visions of the Daughters of Albion, † ( 1791 ) , â€Å" Europe a Prophecy † ( 1794 ) , â€Å" America a Prophecy â€Å" ( 1791 ) . Blake is really excited by the destiny of the state, and he tried to happen the causes of catastrophes and catastrophes, which was torn apart by England. He compares it to Babylon, where the thought of equality replaced by an attitude of a retainer ( the images of a Canis familiaris and beaten Equus caballuss ) and the proprietor, and the rule of freedom – the system of captivity of t he moral and societal. That ‘s what England Blake says in the verse form â€Å" London † from â€Å" Songs of Innocence and Experience † : I wander thro ‘ each charter ‘d street, Near where the charter ‘d Thames does flux, And grade in every face I meet Marks of failing, Markss of suffering. In every call of every Man, In every Infant ‘s call of fright, In every voice, in every prohibition, The mind-forg ‘d cuff I hear. How the Chimney-sweeper ‘s call Every black'ning Church appalls ; And the hapless Soldier ‘s suspiration Runs in blood down Palace walls. But most thro ‘ midnight streets I hear How the vernal Harlot ‘s expletive Blasts the new born Infant ‘s tear, And blights with pestilences the Marriage hearse. Cruel rationalism penetrated all domains of life, and societal and religious. Blake bitterly remarked: â€Å" The enquiry in England is, non whether a adult male has endowments and mastermind, but whether he is inactive and polite, and a virtuous buttocks, and obedient to Lords ‘s sentiments in art and scientific discipline. If he is, he is a good adult male ; if non, he must be starved. â€Å" [ Alexander Gilchrist, Anne Gilchrist. Life of William Blake ( 1880 ) , Volume 1 ] . In such a society a adult male is like â€Å" hunted hare. â€Å" Coarse rational head thwart any efforts of imaginativeness. It is inactive, the quest for the empyreal – unclaimed. A Alauda arvensis wounded in the wing, A cherubim does discontinue to sing. A Alauda arvensis here – Imagination in the clasp of Urizen. The image of Urizen appears in the ulterior plants of the poet. This mythology of Blake ‘s character, embodies the head ( your ground ) . Every wolf ‘s and lion'showl Raises from Hell a Human psyche. â€Å" The Wolf and the Lion † regarded as symbols of power of England. At Blake they become emblems of stiffness of a deceasing era. On anticipates the devastation of Babylon and the coming land of ageless Jerusalem. Empire is no more! And now the king of beasts & A ; wolf shall discontinue – says concluding â€Å" Marriage†¦ â€Å" The wild cervid, rolling here and at that place, Keeps the Human psyche from attention.