Limitations of Access Control Lists in Network Security

Limitations of Access Control Lists in Network Security On the Limitations of Access Control Lists (ACL’s) in Network Security In basic security parlance, the Access Control List (ACL) directly determines which parties can access certain sensitive areas of the network. Usually, there are several. One enables general access to the network, which includes non-sensitive information about company policy and operations (Verma 2004). Access is granted to a general audience and all personnel within the organisation. Confidential files and sensitive data, however, would only be available to a limited number of people, which would be specified. Such delicate information is often only available when accessing a certain terminal. For example, our hypothetical travel agency will allow only the network manager on a particular terminal to PING the proxy servers from the internal LAN as well as deny connections from the Internet to those hosts with private source IP addresses. As with any company, the travel agency wishes to protect its sensitive information from hackers and fellow competitors. The network administrator cr eated ACL’s congruent with the company’s security policy. However, additional protocols will need to be implemented in order to offer the agency the full protection it needs. The purpose of this essay is to highlight the vulnerabilities and limitations of the ACL and suggest supplementary protocols to ensure tighter security. Peter Davis (2002) identified six vulnerabilities of the ACL in the context of testing Cisco’s routers. First, because the ACL will not block the non-initial fragments of a packet, then the router will fail to block all unauthorized traffic. ‘By sending an offending traffic in packet fragments, it is possible to circumvent the protection offered by the ACL’ (Davis 2002). Secondly, if one were to send packet fragment traffic to the router, it is likely that there would be a denial-of-service on the router itself. This is because the router fails to acknowledge the keyword fragment when a user sends a packet specifically to the router (Davis 2002). Third, there is the odd phenomenon of the unresponsive router. ‘The router ignores the implicit deny ip any any rule at the end of an ACL when you apply an ACL of exactly 448 entries to an interface as an outgoing ACL’ (Davis 2002). The result of this would compromise the integrity of network security, as the ACL will not drop the packets. Fourth, modern routers allow support for the fragment keyword on an outbound ACL. In previous models, only the inbound ACL provided support for this keyword while ignoring the outbound ACL (Davis 2002). Fifth, the outbound ACL may fail to prevent unauthorized traffic on a router when the administrator configures an input ACL on some interfaces of the multi-port Engine 2 line card. ‘Any ACL you apply at the ingress point will work as expected and block the desired traffic. This vulnerability can cause unwanted traffic in and out of the protected network’ (Davis 2002). Last of all, even the fragment keyword is not sufficient to get the ACL to filter packet fragments, which would enable an individual or corporation to exploit this weakness—attacking systems that are supposed to be shielded by the ACL on the router (Davis 2002). To avoid many of these pitfalls, Davis recommends that administrators routinely filter packet fragments. Although filtering may be useful, it is insufficient in preventing security breaches according to Kasacavage and Yan (2002). Without supplementary processes, packet filtering will fail to identify the originator of the data, and it would fail to prevent a user from gaining access to a network behind the router. Thus, the creation of extended ACL’s along with the standard is very important. ‘Standard ACL’s can only filter based on the source address and are numbered 0 through 99’(Prosise Mandia, p. 429). Extended ACL’s, in contrast, can filter a greater variety of packet characteristics and are numbered 100-199. In other words, each object is supposed to enforce its unique access control policy (Sloot 1999). For instance, the ACL commands are applied in order of precedence and the second rule will not allow the packets denied by the first rule, even if the second rule does permit that (Prosise Mandia). Filling in the Gaps One recommendation for securing a private network is to use a firewall such as a DMZ LAN. Essentially, it does not have any connections save the router and firewall connections (Kasacavage Yan 2002). This would force all packets of all networks (public and private) to flow through the firewall. This greatly diminishes the breaches common in security systems employing mainly ACL’s as direct unprotected connection with the Internet is judiciously avoided. The problem with the router mentioned by Davis in the previous section was its failure to filter packets going in one direction, or outbound ACL’s with specific identifiers. Installing a firewall at each locus connected to the Internet is highly recommended (Kasacavage Yan 2002). Like most aspects of technology, the ACL must be updated quite frequently. However, this gives the individual employed in this task a high degree of latitude, which is why access to this function must be strictly controlled (Liu Albitz 2006). ‘In order to use dynamic updates, you add an allow-update or update-policy substatement to the zone statement of the zone that you’d like to make updates to†¦it’s prudent to make this access control list as restrictive as possible’ (Liu Albitz 2006, p. 232). As wireless communications technology continues to revolutionize the way people do business, another issue that will concern security administrators is the increase of wireless LAN attacks that result in the loss of proprietary information and a loss of reputation as customers become leery of a company that can easily lose personal data (Rittinghouse Ransome 2004). Most wireless networks identify individual users via the Service Set Identifier (SSID) in such a way that would repel wireless LAN attacks that greatly compromise network security by using the ACL that comes standard with WLAN equipment. Because all devices have a Media Access Control (MAC) address, ‘the ACL can deny access to any device not authorized to access the network’ (Rittinghouse Ransome 2004, p. 126). However, other host-based intrusion detection software such as Back Orifice, NukeNabber, and Tripwire are also instrumental in preventing these attacks. In sum, although it would be impossible to create an impregnable security system, it is necessary to ensure that the system one employs is extremely difficult to breach, with very little profit for their troubles. By identifying the six most significant issues ACL’s face and exploring other ways that network administrators can close the gaps, more sophisticated security protocols can be put into operation. However, while security systems are correcting their weaknesses, computing experts on either side of the law are still finding ways to circumvent them. Controlling access to sensitive data is a necessity in any network, even in an informal file-sharing network. With the enclosed ACL’s, the agency shall be able to successfully diminish its odds of a security breach. Bibliography Davis, P.T. (2002), Securing and controlling Cisco routers, London: CRC Press. [Online at books.google.com] Kasacavage, V. Yan, W. (2002), Complete Book of Remote Access: Connectivity and Security, London: CRC Press Liu, C. Albitz, P. (2006), DNS and BIND: Fifth Edition, Sebastopol, CA: O’Reilly Media Inc. Prosise, C. Mandia, K. (2003), Incident Response Computer Forensics, New York: McGraw Hill Professional Rittinghouse, J.W. Ransome, J.F. (2004), Wireless Operational Security, Oxford: Digital Press Sloot, P., Bubak, M., Hoekstra, A. Hertzberger, R. (1999), High-Performance Computing and Networking, New York: Springer Verma, D.C. (2004), Legitimate Applications of Peer-to-Peer Networks, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons

Conformity Essay

This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the pressure of social norms / expectations) group pressure. Conformity can also be simply defined as â€Å"yielding to group pressures† (Crutchfield, 1955). Group pressure may take different forms, for example bullying, persuasion, teasing, criticism etc. Conformity is also known as majority influence (or group pressure). The term conformity is often used to indicate an agreement to the majority position, brought about either by a desire to ‘fit in’ or be liked (normative) or because of a desire to be correct (informational), or simply to conform to a social role (identification). There have been many experiments in psychology investigating conformity and group pressure. Jenness (1932) was the first psychologist to study conformity. His experiment was an ambiguous situation involving a glass bottle filled with beans. He asked participants individually to estimate how many beans the bottle contained. Jenness then put the group in a room with the bottle, and asked them to provide a group estimate through discussion. Participants were then asked to estimate the number on their own again to find whether their initial estimates had altered based on the influence of the majority. Jenness then interviewed the participants individually again, and asked if they would like to change their original estimates, or stay with the group’s estimate. Almost all changed their individual guesses to be closer to the group estimate. However, perhaps the most famous conformity experiment was by Solomon Asch (1951) and his line judgment experiment. Types of Social Conformity Man (1969) states that â€Å"the essence of conformity is yielding to group pressure†. He identified three types of conformity: Normative, informational and ingratiational. Kelman (1958) distinguished between three different types of conformity: Compliance, Internalization and identification. Normative ConformityInformational Conformity Yielding to group pressure because a person wants to fit in with the group. E.g. Asch Line Study. Conforming because the person is scared of being rejected by the group. This type of conformity usually involves compliance – where a person publicly accepts the views of a group but privately rejects them. This usually occurs when a person lacks knowledge and looks to the group for guidance. Or when a person is in an ambiguous (i.e. unclear) situation and socially compares their behavior with the group. E.g. Sherif Study. This type of conformity usually involves internalization – where a person accepts the views of the groups and adopts them as an individual. ComplianceInternalization Publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while privately disagreeing. In other words, conforming to the majority (publicly), in spite of not really agreeing with them (privately). This is seen in Asch’s line experiment. Publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group and also agreeing with them privately. This is seen in Sherif’s autokinetic experiment. Ingratiational ConformityIdentification Where a person conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance from other people. It is similar to normative influence but is motivated by the need for social rewards rather than the threat of rejection, i.e., group pressure does not enter the decision to conform. Conforming to the expectations of a social role. Similar to compliance, there does not have to be a change in private opinion. A good example is Zimbardo’s Prison Study. Sherif (1935) Autokinetic Effect Experiment Aim: Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (i.e. unclear) situation. Method: Sherif used a lab experiment to study conformity. He used the autokinetic effect – this is where a small spot of light (projected onto a screen) in a dark room will appear to move, even though it is still (i.e. it is a visual illusion). It was discovered that when participants were individually tested their estimates on how far the light moved varied considerably (e.g. from 20cm to 80cm). The participants were then tested in groups of three. Sherif manipulated the composition of the group by putting together two people whose estimate of the light movement when alone was very similar, and one person whose estimate was very different. Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved. Results: Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate. As the figure below shows: the person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other two in the group conformed to the view of the other two. Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform. Rather than make individual judgments they tend to come to a group agreement. Conclusion: The results show that when in an ambiguous situation (such as the  autokinetic effect), a person will look to others (who know more / better) for guidance (i.e. adopt the group norm). They want to do the right thing but may lack the appropriate information. Observing others can provide this information. This is known as informational conformity. Non Conformity Not everyone conform to social pressure. Indeed, their are many factors that contribute to an individual’s desire to remain independent of the group. For example, Smith and Bond (1998) discovered cultural differences in conformity between western and eastern countries. People from western cultures (such as America and the UK) are more likely to be individualistic and don’t want to be seen as being the same as everyone else. This means that they value being independent and self sufficient (the individual is more important that the group), and as such are more likely to participate in non conformity. In contrast eastern cultures (such as Asian countries) are more likely to value the needs of the family and other social groups before their own. They are known as collectivist cultures and are more likely to conform.

What to Expect From Problem Solution Essay Topics for Business?

What to Expect From Problem Solution Essay Topics for Business? Problem Solution Essay Topics for Business Autocorrect solves the issue of texting language in essays. There are lots of essay types and every of them requires a particular procedure of writing. Furthermore, a well-written essay may make an impact on other men and women who will make important decisions afterward. The very best problem-solution essays will make a feeling of urgency and lead the reader to become interested in solving the issue. As with other essays, people frequently discover that it's really hard to choose a topic particularly when the instructor asks students to produce their own topics. In the majority of cases, the students are suggested to opt for a topic which they're well conscious of or the one they are keen on. Thus, they frequently find it hard to come up with a topic when the instructor expects them to decide on it independently. Needless to say, every student can select from a broad selection of topics. Hearsay, Lies and Problem Solution Essay Topics for Business Gone are the times of commitmentor so that it seems. Future results of the problem can be utilized as leverage for the call to action. During the duration of your academic career, whether at school or university, you'll almost certainly have to write a minumum of one problem solution essay. The new year gives one a whole lot of chances to research different essays and the ways how they are sometimes written. How to stop drunk driving and deaths because of it You have the chance to generate a difference by means of your essay. Its an excellent paper to write for students with respect to structure. Five heart surgeries daily is extremely uncommon in different sections of the planet. You could also check into possible remedies. When you look around, you're observe social troubles that affect society each and every day. There are a lot of problems, even on your own campus, that should be resolved. Identifying an issue and proposing one or more solutions ought to be a vital component in your essay. You pick a topic that's a question and might have several solutions. The ideal problem-solution topics are interesting and can be seen from several perspectives, but are additionally not so broad that a remedy to the issue is not possible to imagine. What's more, it's also recommended to pick a topic with practical or viable solutions. We'll allow you to write this variety of essay on various topics and with appropriate formatting. Among the more common kinds of assignments you will notice in business is the problem solution essay. The variety of paragraphs are determined by the amount of solutions. Observing the illustration can help you understand what things to write and the way to arrange your words to create decent problem solutions topics. Psychology Problem Solution Essay Topics There is plenty of essay when it has to do with great related solution psychology. Still, the point of an excellent problem-solution essay is to suggest solutions which are actionablesomething your readers can do. You need to pick a topic that relates to your own experience of problem solutions, or the one which will allow readers take part in the solution of a specific issue. As soon as you locate a service you want, don't neglect to look at my review of it. It's critical that the service you select knows for sure they're only choosing the ideal essay writers. Simply speaking, the service exists, so should you wish to use it in order to find a top essay, that's reason enough. Don't look further our service is the best choice for you whether you are wanting to order online essays. In order to understand how to compose a problem-solution essay, one has to know what sort of essay it's first. Your essay is virtually ready! To start with, it's important to abide by the chosen topic throughout the essay. Finding the correct topic for your essay can be challenging. The thesis should generally be only a single sentence long, and ought to clearly recognize the principal point of the essay. A number of these topics can be utilized in your essay about sports. Hopefully these problem-solution essay topics will ensure it is much easier to begin on your paper. Essays term papers dissertations and a lot more.

To What Extent Did Feudalism Affect the Societies in the...

To what extent did feudalism affect the societies in the Middle Ages? Plan of Investigation The investigation assesses the significance of the feudal system in the middle ages. In order to evaluate the feudal system’s significance, the investigation evaluates each role of the social classes in a Middle Ages society. This includes the kings, nobles and lords, knights, and peasants and serfs. Articles and secondary sources are mostly used to evaluate the feudal system’s significance. Two of the sources used in this essay, Feudalism by Joseph R. Strayer and Social Classes: The Middle Ages by William Chester Jordan are then evaluated for their origins, purposes, and limitations. The investigation does not assess feudalism in the Japan†¦show more content†¦Powerful nobles aspired to be king, and so on, but unlike many jobs in society, it was hard for peasants to move higher. C. Evaluation of Sources Feudalism compiled by Joseph R. Strayer is an in-depth article on feudalism in the Middle Ages. Feudalism was written with the purpose to display feudalism in the Middle Ages. This article shows an unbiased opinion towards all of the social classes in the Medieval time period, and evidently shows the difference between them. Needless to say, this article distinctly shows the significance of feudalism in the Middle Ages. However, this article does not state if the church was involved in society, or not. However, Social Classes: The Middle Ages by William Chester Jordan compares the societies of both the Byzantine Empire, and Western Europe during the Middle Ages. This article does not show a biased opinion towards each of the societies, and briefly describes feudalism and how it differs in each society. This article shows how the social classes defined the societies during the Medieval time. This article also does not state if the church was was involved in so ciety, or not. Analysis Feudalism in England was established by William the Conqueror and the Normans at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. The system and structure of feudalism had been well established in Europe, but the Normans enforced feudalism in England. Feudalism was based on the exchange of land for military service, and King William the ConquerorShow MoreRelatedRiver Dynasties in China3135 Words   |  13 PagesPage 1 of 6 4 River Dynasties in China MAIN IDEA POWER AND AUTHORITY The early rulers introduced ideas about government and society that shaped Chinese civilization. WHY IT MATTERS NOW The culture that took root during ancient times still affects Chinese ways of life today. TERMS NAMES †¢ loess †¢ oracle bone †¢ Mandate of Heaven †¢ dynastic cycle †¢ feudalism SETTING THE STAGE The walls of China’s first cities were built 4,000 years ago. This was at least a thousand years after theRead MoreHistory of Fiscal Administration and the Theory and Purpose of Taxation3004 Words   |  13 Pageseconomics that deals with the revenues and expenditures and their impact on the economy. It is the manner of collecting something from the constituents and spending it also for the constituents. And the exact definition according to http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-fiscal-administration.htm, fiscal administration is the act of managing incoming and outgoing monetary transactions and budgets for governments, educational institutions,  nonprofit  organizations, and other public service entities. ConstituentsRead MoreMedieval Period – Feudal System and Architecture3601 Words   |  15 Pagesknights in shining armor, crusades, castles, and kings; however, there was more to the medieval period than just this. There are also the buildings that housed these great nobles and the men who influenced their design. The designs for these buildings did no simply materialize out of thin air. These ideas evolved from concepts derived from various cultures. The interaction between the feudal system and the architecture of the medieval times influenced the evolution of the later designs. The early architectureRead MoreHealth and Social Care Issues: Social Model vs Medical Model Essay4587 Words   |  19 PagesPlease explore what is meant by the terms social model and medical model. Describe an aspect of sociological theory and explore how it impacts and influences the delivery of Health and Social Care. In this essay, the terms social model and medical model will be explored. Then, aspects of sociological theory and how it influences the delivery of health and social care will be explored Health is difficult to define but fairly easy to spot when we actually see it. According to the World HealthRead More Social Effects of Technology Essays6300 Words   |  26 Pagestechnology and society may be the one thing more than any other that gives society a meaning and defines us a human beings. In recent years it has become popular to point fingers of accusation at technology as if it were quot;autonomousquot; and driving us all to perdition. I take other view. No doubt the uses of technology and society interact strongly. I think it wrongheaded and very naive to think of aggressive technology affecting a passive society eroding away the things that give society value andRead MoreSocial Effects of Technology Essay6374 Words   |  26 Pagestechnology and society may be the one thing more than any other that gives society a meaning and defines us a human beings. In recent years it has become popular to point fingers of accusation at technology as if it were autonomous and driving us all to perdition. I take other view. No doubt the uses of technology and society interact strongly. I think it wrongheaded and very naive to think of aggressive technology affecting a passive society eroding away the things that give society value and leavingRead MoreCourtly Love and Mediieval Romance7340 Words   |  30 Pagesnatural and universal phenomenon and even brings a laxity of enquiring into its origins. However, it is difficult of not impossible to show love to be anything more than an artistic phenomenon or construct- a literary per formative innovation of Middle Ages. Courtly love  was a  medieval European  formation of nobly, and  politely expressing love and admiration.  Courtly love was secret and between members of the  nobility. (Simpson).   The term courtly love was first popularized by  Gaston Paris  in 1883Read MoreThe Sociology Of Knowledge5656 Words   |  23 Pagesarrive at a leveling pluralism where all ideologicalpositions, all fonns of consciousness were alike in that they were the natural correlative of social positions. If he had considered what concretely mediated betweell social being and consciousness, he might have found a different nexus in every case, depending on what social necessities or possibilities were at work. But such a perspective would have required a theory of the emergence of the social constelladons which Mannheim, in Adorno s ejlesRead MoreInstitution as the Fundamental Cause of Long Tern Growth39832 Words   |  160 Pagespower in society is in turn determined by political institutions and the distribution of resources. Political institutions allocate de jure political power, while groups with greater economic might typically possess greater de facto political power. We therefore view the appropriate theoretical framework as a dynamic one with political institutions and the distribution of resources as the state variables. These variables themselves change over time because prevailing economic institutions affect the distributionRead MoreGlobal Politics Essay6696 Words   |  27 Pagesglobalised, interdependent nature of the current international political environment that the concepts of sovereignty and power deserve further evaluation. The exercise of authority and power are facts as old as time, throughout the ages men have tried to explain and understand how and why political authority is organised. Sovereignty is a concept used to explain political power, to attempt to understand the complex interactions that take place as man strives towards the